Phonogly
Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with
the systematic organization of sounds in languages. It has traditionally
focused largely on the study of the systems of phonemes in particular languages
(and therefore used to be also called phonemics, or phonematics), but it may
also cover any linguistic analysis either at a level beneath the word
(including syllable, onset and rime, articulatory gestures, articulatory
features, mora, etc.) or at all levels of language where sound is considered to
be structured for conveying linguistic meaning.
Terminology
The word 'phonology' (as in the phonology of English)
can also refer to the phonological system (sound system) of a given language.
This is one of the fundamental systems which a language is considered to
comprise, like its syntax and its vocabulary.
Phonology is often distinguished from phonetics. While
phonetics concerns the physical production, acoustic transmission and
perception of the sounds of speech,[2][3] phonology describes the way sounds
function within a given language or across languages to encode meaning. For
many linguists, phonetics belongs to descriptive linguistics, and phonology to
theoretical linguistics, although establishing the phonological system of a
language is necessarily an application of theoretical principles to analysis of
phonetic evidence. Note that this distinction was not always made, particularly
before the development of the modern concept of the phoneme in the mid 20th
century. Some subfields of modern phonology have a crossover with phonetics in
descriptive disciplines such as psycholinguistics and speech perception,
resulting in specific areas like articulatory phonology or laboratory
phonology.
Phonology vs. Phonetics – the key differences
Phonology is concerned with the abstract, whereas
phonetics is concerned with the physical properties of sounds. In phonetics we
can see infinite realisations, for example every time you say a ‘p’ it will
slightly different than the other times you’ve said it. However, in phonology
all productions are the same sound within the language’s phoneme inventory,
therefore even though every ‘p’ is produced slightly different every time, the
actual sound is the same. This highlights a key difference between phonetic and
phonology as even though no two ‘p’s are the same, they represent the same
sound in the language.
Phonemes V. Allophones
Phonemes are the meaningfully different sound units in
a language (the smallest units of sound). For example, ‘pat’ and ‘bat’ differ
in their first phoneme: the “p” and “b”. Vowels are also phonemes, so “pat” and
“pet” differ by a phoneme, too (But phonemes don’t always match up with
spelling!). When two words differ by a single phoneme they are known as a
minimal pair.
Allophones are different ways to pronounce a phoneme
based on its environment in a word. For example, the two allophones of /l/ in
“little” are actually produced slightly differently, and the second one sounds
slightly deeper. These different “l”s always occur in different environments in
words, which is known as “complementary distribution”.
Phonology looks at many different things…
·
Why do related
forms differ?
Phonology finds the systematic ways in which the forms
differ and explains them
·
What is stored in
the mind?
Phonology studies abstract mental entities, such as
structures and processes. This contrasts with phonetics, which deals with the
actual production and acoustics of the sounds of language.
·
What sounds go together?
Looks at what sounds/sound combinations are accepted
and why.
·
How are sounds
organized into syllables?
With the use of phonological trees syllables are
broken up more easily. Syllables are made up of a rhyme and an onset (any
consonants before the rhyme). The rhyme made up of a nucleus (the vowel
sound(s) in the syllable, the key component of all syllables) and a coda (any
consonants following the nucleus).
What are the differences between languages?
For example, different languages can used different
phonemes, or different syllable structures (what sounds can go together to make
sequences or words) and phonology identifies these differences.
Sources
0 komentar:
Posting Komentar